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Showing posts with label Science Articles. Show all posts
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1/23/2014


The significance of testosterone for male sexual function is apparent to most Life Extension members. New insights, however, underscore the critical role testosterone plays in maintaining youthful neurological structure, alleviating depression, as well as inducing fat loss in those who are unable to reduce body weight regardless of diet and exercise.

Recent studies have demonstrated that low testosterone in men is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (Miner and Seftel 2007), and an almost 50% increase in mortality over a seven year period


You might remember hormones from your sex-crazed teen years. Or your partner's most recent crying jag. But if you're sitting there smugly thinking that you're immune fromhormonal chaos just because you're (a) no longer a teenager and (b) male, think again. In fact, if you knew all the ways hormones could mess up your life, you'd probably start crying like a little girl. Off-kilter hormone distribution can make you store too much fat, hamper your ability to fight stress, and cause you to eat when you're full. It can lead to metabolic syndrome and diabetes and can adversely affect your sleep and sex life.



That's a lot that can go wrong. This is due to the vast reach of your endocrine system, which commands body activity utilizing powerful hormones. "It's like your body's internal Internet," says pharmacologist John McLachlan, Ph.D., director of the center for bioenvironmental research at Tulane University. "Your hypothalamus and pituitary glands are the control centers, like servers sending out messages going back and forth among your organs. Your pancreas, adrenal glands, thyroid, and testes are all part of this finely tuned system.
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1/12/2014

An engineering drawing, a type of technical drawing, is used to fully and clearly define requirements for engineered items.
Engineering drawing (the activity) produces engineering drawings (the documents). More than just the drawing of pictures, it is also alanguage—a graphical language that communicates ideas and information from one mind to another. Most especially, it communicates all needed information from the engineer who designed a part to the workers who will make it.




Lettering And Numbering:
lettering and numbering is basic skill in Engineering that should be done in a perfect manner.. for example in this figure.. the upper and lower case letters  are neatly draw and we can consider the following figures;
    
 

Engineering drawing and artistic drawing are both types of drawing, and either may be called simply "drawing" when the context is implicit. Engineering drawing shares some traits with artistic drawing in that both create pictures. But whereas the purpose of artistic drawing is to convey emotion or artistic sensitivity in some way (subjective impressions), the purpose of engineering drawing is to convey information (objective facts).Engineering drawings are typically used as visual tools in the creation of homes, bridges, and other buildings. While these drawings can be quite straightforward to individuals who are skilled in the field of engineering or architecture, they can be quite difficult to interpret for laypeople. Knowing how to read engineering drawings will help provide you with a better idea of the building plans.

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1/04/2014
The nervous system is the part of an animal's body that coordinates the voluntary and involuntary actions of the animal and transmits signals between different parts of its body. Nervous tissue first arose in wormlike organisms about 550 to 600 million years ago. In most types of animals it consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are long fibers that connect the CNS to every other part of the body. The PNS includes motor neurons, mediating voluntary movement, the autonomic nervous system, comprising the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system and regulating involuntary functions, and the enteric nervous system.
 
a semi-independent part of the nervous system whose function is to control the gastrointestinal system.Human The nervous system is a complex collection of nerves and specialized cells known as neurons that transmit signals between different parts of the body. Vertebrates — animals with backbones and spinal columns — have central and peripheral nervous systems.
The central nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord and retina. The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory neurons, ganglia (clusters of neurons) and nerves that connect to one another and to the central nervous system.
 
 
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12/17/2013
The system of providing Two name scientifically to the individual that can be accepted worldwide under the same name  is known as Binomeal system of nomenclature.In biology, binomial nomenclature is how species are named. As the word "binomial" suggests, the name of a species is made of two parts: one indicating the genus and one indicating the species. Binomial nomenclature means "two-part name" or "system of two-part names".
The value of the binomial nomenclature comes from its economy, its widespread use, and the uniqueness and stability of names in the system. The system replaced the use of Latin descriptive names, which were not handy as they were long (and growing all the time).

Value of binomial nomenclature:

An important reason for the stability of names is that they need not be descriptive. For example Simmondsia chinensis has the component chinensiswhich means "from China"; this was used in error, as the species is from California. Nevertheless, this name is used world-wide and is not to be 'corrected'. In today's system of naming, a name is just a label, and remains stable even if it is misdescriptive. Of course, ideally names should be descriptive; this makes it easier to remember them.
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12/16/2013


The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. The "electromagnetic spectrum" of an object has a different meaning, and is instead the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by that particular object.
The electromagnetic spectrum extends from below the low frequencies used for modern radio communication to gamma radiation at the short-wavelength (high-frequency) end, thereby covering wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down to a fraction of the size of an atom. The limit for long wavelengths is the size of the universe itself, while it is thought that the short wavelength limit is in the vicinity of the Planck length, although in principle the spectrum is infinite and continuous.
Most parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are used in science for spectroscopic and other probing interactions, as ways to study and characterize matter.In addition, radiation from various parts of the spectrum has found many other uses for communications and manufacturing (see electromagnetic radiation for more applications).
Electromagnetic radiation had been first linked to electromagnetism in 1845, when Michael Faraday noticed that the polarization of light traveling through a transparent material responded to a magnetic field (see Faraday effect). During the 1860s James Maxwelldeveloped four partial differential equations for the electromagnetic field. Two of these equations predicted the possibility of, and behavior of, waves in the field. Analyzing the speed of these theoretical waves, Maxwell realized that they must travel at a speed that was about the known speed of light. This startling coincidence in value led Maxwell to make the inference that light itself is a type of electromagnetic wave.
Maxwell's equations predicted an infinite number of frequencies of electromagnetic waves, all traveling at the speed of light. This was the first indication of the existence of the entire electromagnetic spectrum.
Maxwell's predicted waves included waves at very low frequencies compared to infrared, which in theory might be created by oscillating charges in an ordinary electrical circuit of a certain type. Attempting to prove Maxwell's equations and detect such low frequency electromagnetic radiation, in 1886 the physicistHeinrich Hertz built an apparatus to generate and detect what we now call radio waves. Hertz found the waves and was able to infer (by measuring their wavelength and multiplying it by their frequency) that they traveled at the speed of light. Hertz also demonstrated that the new radiation could be both reflected and refracted by various dielectric media, in the same manner as light. For example, Hertz was able to focus the waves using a lens made of tree resin. In a later experiment, Hertz similarly produced and measured the properties of microwaves. These new types of waves paved the way for inventions such as the wireless telegraph and the radio.
In 1895 Wilhelm Röntgen noticed a new type of radiation emitted during an experiment with an evacuated tube subjected to a high voltage. He called these radiations x-rays and found that they were able to travel through parts of the human body but were reflected or stopped by denser matter such as bones. Before long, many uses were found for them in the field of medicine.
The last portion of the electromagnetic spectrum was filled in with the discovery of gamma rays. In 1900 Paul Villard was studying the radioactive emissions of radium when he identified a new type of radiation that he first thought consisted of particles similar to known alpha and beta particles, but with the power of being far more penetrating than either. However, in 1910, British physicist William Henry Bragg demonstrated that gamma rays are electromagnetic radiation, not particles, and in 1914, Ernest Rutherford (who had named them gamma rays in 1903 when he realized that they were fundamentally different from charged alpha and beta rays) and Edward Andrade measured their wavelengths, and found that gamma rays were similar to X-rays, but with shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies.


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12/10/2013


Yarsagumba is known as cordecypes sinensis According to botanical nomenclature .Cordyceps is a Chinese fungus used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for “lung protection” and “reproductive invigoration” as well as to balance the fundamental “energy of life.” Cordyceps is also known as the Chinese caterpillar fungus because it is a parasitic organism that grows on a rare Tibetan caterpillar until the 
caterpillar dies and the mushroom sprouts from the caterpillar’s head. 
Owing to the herb's high efficacy and potency in curing various diseases, it is well known 
as an important nourishing tonic. However, as the source and the gathering of the herb is 
rare and difficult, so its supply often falls short of demand. 

DOSAGE OF CORDYCEPS SINENSIS:

For a healthy person who uses YARSAGUMBA as an aphrodisiac, life-giving, stimulant for sports etc. The recomended dose is: 0,3—0,7 g ( 1—2 pcs according to the size) daily, eat whole mushroom in original form, or overflow with boiling water (tea) and eat after 20 min., or powder it and drink with milk, for 3—4 days. After pausing for 3 days it is possible to repeat dosage. In the case of particular health problems, the dosages are often higher, but it is recomended to consultate this with your doctor.
In Asia YARSAGUMBA is cooked with many kind of dishes: chicken or duck soup, pork specialities, boiling it in ducks stomachs, or feeding the duck withCATERPILLAR FUNGUS and after 2—3 days preparing the duck and eating it. (This pre-fed duck usually has very tasty meat!) As a powder it is often consumed with drinking water, milk or tea.
The taste is pleasant, sweet, with a nutty-mushroom flavor. Any aversion to consuming caterpillars (although actually there is no more caterpillar, just its cover) is quickly overwhelmed by the benefit whichYARSAGUMBA provides. There is no possibility of overdose with CATERPILLAR FUNGUS, and, according to all available information, there are no known harmful or negative side effects, even for pregnant women.
MARKETING: 
A. Production Volume and Trade
In the remote districts, it is sold at NRs 3 to 5 per piece, and in India it is sold at about 
NRs 28,000 per Kg.  There are about 3,500 – 3,600 pieces per Kg of Yartshagumba. 
B. Current Market Channel
Collector -> Village trader -> Regional trader -> wholesaler -> exporter 
C. Current Processing
There is both neither processing nor any kind of value-additive works currently being 
done in Nepal except drying (sun drying) and grading (separation of products according 
to size).  For storage purpose, Yarsagumba should get a treatment immediately after 
collection.  This treatment does not require any sophistication but simply a fast drying 
process.  If there is no sun, the fungus is heated over an open fire for 5 to 7 minutes. 
D. Variability and Risk
If caught with Yarsagumba, the royalty rate is NRs. 500/fungus for judicial purpose 
(Forest Rules, 1995). 





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